What 'Cognitive Science' is

What is cognitive science?   You may ask.
It is the study of understanding the function and nature of biological (especially human) intelligence from the perspective of information processing.
Human knowledge is intuitive judgment and reasoning, it is sometimes compared to artificial intelligence, which is a mass of algorithms.
(Japanese Cognitive Science Society HP)

How do we respond to stimuli and why?
It is a study that explores the process of information processing (judgment, understanding, memory, thinking, and learning) of perceptual information such as eye gaze, hearing, skin sensation, and brain waves.
It is related to brain science, neuropsychology, neuroaesthetics, information science, linguistics, and philosophy.

I am often asked how it differs from psychology and how cognitive psychology differs from cognitive science.

Cognitive science is more interdisciplinary and often collaborates with other fields, while psychology and cognitive psychology seem to be more specialized in the research they pursue. Cognitive science tends to take methods from neuroscience and computational modeling, while psychology tends to take methods from experimental psychology. Nevertheless, there seems to be no strict boundary between the two.

The origins of cognitive science will give you a good idea of where we stand.

Here is an excerpt from COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS (John R. Anderson.  6th edition. Worth publishing. 2005) 

＜Background of the birth of cognitive science＞

During World War II (1939-1945), behavioral psychology at that time could not provide solutions to the problems of "how to train soldiers to master advanced weaponry" and "how soldiers should handle their attention under stress.

＜The Beginning of Cognitive Science＞

In the postwar period (1950-1970), Dr. Donald Briadbert presented a new approach that was useful in solving the problem (trigger #1), and three studies, including this one, were the main catalysts for the spread of the idea that human behavior is similar to that of computers and the development of cognitive science.

Inspiration #1: Dr. Donald Broadbent's model of cognition.

Dr. Donald Broadbent's paper Perception and Communication (1958) is a theory of the mechanisms of attention in information processing. It was a theory of the mechanisms of attention in information processing, and became the cornerstone of cognitive psychology, which models perception.

Inspiration #2: Dr. Allen Newell and Dr. Herbert Simon's work on AI began.

At the same time as Dr. Broadbent, Dr. Allen Newell and Dr. Herbert Simon of Carnegie Mellon University in the U.S. conducted research on computer models that mimic human behavior, leading to the development of AI.

Inspiration #3: Dr. Noan Chomsky's "Universal Grammar. It views human behavior as a cognitive whole.

In linguistics, Dr. Noam Chomsky of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology introduced the concept of "universal grammar" for language acquisition, arguing that language is innate and based on universal rules. He proposed to look at how people acquire language beyond the framework of linguistics to human cognition as a whole, and this approach became widespread.

＜Cognitive Science in Recent Years＞

Human reasoning and decision-making models that could not be implemented on computers in the past (e.g., machine learning and Bayesian probability theory, which had long been theoretical but were too heavy to be computed on computers) can now be implemented thanks to recent dramatic advances in computer processing power. Theories have existed for a long time, but they were too heavy to be computed on computers. The rapid development of computer processing power in recent years has made it possible to implement these models, contributing to comparisons with AI and the development of cognitive science.

＜Cognitive Science Research Subjects＞
Cognitive psychology (by Yuji Hakoda, Takashi Tsuzuki, Hideaki Kawabata, Shigeru Ogihara, Yuhikaku.  2016) based on a barbaric arrangement.

Perception: Gaze (pattern recognition, position, color, motion, depth, face recognition, concept-driven and data-driven), brain (cognitive neuroscience)

Sensibility: The process of evaluating and valuing what is felt.

Attention and behavior☆: Auditory, gaze, selective attention, central attention.

Memory☆: Working memory, long-term memory, short-term memory.

Categorization : Framework for obtaining the maximum information with the least effort possible.

Structure of knowledge : Meaning, schema and script, memory

Language ☆: Mental dictionary, contextual understanding

Problem Solving and Reasoning☆: Search, analogy, and inductive reasoning in problem solving.

Judgment and decision making☆: Normative theory, descriptive theory, heuristics, biases, mental model, judgment, choice, preference

Cognition and emotion☆: Processes of processing, emotion and cognition, emotion and memory, synesthesia

Cognition and the Brain★ : Cognitive formation process

Cognitive Development : Cognitive Development in Children

Social cognition ☆: How we perceive the world, impression formation, sense of belonging, stereotypes, group cognition, communication, interaction.

Culture and cognition☆: Cultural comparison of vision, thought, and language, and differences with others.

Media and social cognition☆ :Framing effects, culture theory, media stereotypes

Some reference books were written as "Cognitive science has no boundaries," so this is just for your reference.

Metacognition (awareness, understanding, and control of one's own cognitive functions) is related to research marked with ☆, and collective Intelligence is related to research marked with ★.